The United States Government is the world's largest debtor. It owes nearly $2 trillion and is borrowing more at a rate of approximately $200 billion a year. This report explains the basics of how the Government goes about borrowing these sums.,Abstract -- Introduction -- The Auction Process and Competitive Determination of Interest Rates -- Bills, Bonds, and Notes -- Savings Bonds, Government Accounts, and Non-Negotiable Securities -- Agency Issues and the Federal Financing Bank -- Tax Treatment -- Innovations -- Borrowing from the Federal Reserve and Non-Interest Bearing Debt -- Conclusion.,Thomas Woodward, Analyst in Public Finance, Economics Division.,CRS 85-762 E,"May 28, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper describes the conditions under which employees of State and local governments are covered by social security and medicare.,David Koitz, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,Updated by Geoffrey Kollmann, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-756 EPW,"September 6, 1985.",Updated "July 7, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper provides a title-by-title comparison and contrast of major current law provisions of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (PL 89-329), as amended, with thos of the reauthorizing legislation as passed by the House on December 4, 1985 and by the Senate on June 3, 1986: HR 3700, the Higher Education Amendments of 1985 and S. 1965, the Higher Education Amendments of 1986. After the Senate passed S. 1965, the House passed S. 1965 amended with the language of H.R. 3700 as passed by the House. nnThose who have contributed to this report want to express their appreciation to Nan Hill for her exceptional editorial skills and perseverance in preparing this report.,David S. Osman, Specialist in Education, Susan Boren, Specialist in Education, Charlotte Fraas, Specialist in Social Legislation, Paul M. Irwin, Specialist in Education, K. Forbis Jordan, Senior Specialist in Education, Wayne C. Riddle, Specialist in Education, James Stedman, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-745 EPW,"June 26, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Charles V. Dale, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 86-809 A,"July 23, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper describes the application of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, P.L. 99-177, popularity called "Gramm-Rudman-Hollings," to programs administered by the Department of Education, particularly, it will focus on provisions establishing "emergency powers to eliminate deficits in excess of maximum deficit amounts." All of the programs within the Department's jurisdiction are subject to the automatic spending reduction provisions of this law. Two programs are subject to special treatment, the Guaranteed Student Loan and the Vocational Rehabilitation State grant program. The remaining programs are subject to a uniform percentage reduction, estimated to be 4.3 percent for FY 1986.,CRS 86-544 EPW,"February 3, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Probably the most contentious provision of H.R. 3, Trade and International Economic Policy Reform Act of 1987, concerns a mandatory reduction in surplus for countries that have a large bilateral trade surplus with the United States through unfair trade practices (the "Gephardt Amendment"). In the short-run, a mandatory reduction in foreign surplus could possibly improve the U.S. trade surplus to a small degree; but over time, exchange rate adjustment would tend to offset the effects of the reduction in surplus.,Original Gephardt Provision -- Provision Reported by the Ways and Means Committee -- Revised Gephardt Amendment -- Comparison of Ways and Means Provision and Revised Gephardt Amendment -- Administration Position -- Arguments in Support of Gephardt Amendment -- Arguments Opposing the Gephardt Amendment -- Potential Effects of the Gephardt Amendment -- Selected Reading.,CRS 87-373 E,"April 24, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The DowJones Industrial Average is the oldest and most commonly known index of the day-to-day overall price performance of stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange. This stock price index has undergone much change since its inception. This report examines the evolution of the stock index's components, and method of calculation. It also briefly addresses the issue of the index's usefulness.,Abstract -- The Composition and calculation of the DJIA. The Formative Years ; The Modern Era -- The Questions of Usefulness -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Other Dow Jones Stock Price Average Series -- Appendix 2: Other Major Stock Price Indices.,CRS 86-775 E,"July 1, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 85-631 A,"March 14, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Preface -- Basic Methodology. Congressional Research Service (CRS) ; Office of Personnel Management (OPM) ; Overall Results -- Data Bases. CRS ; OPM ; Comments -- Typical Private Pension Plan Provisions -- Replacement Rate Analysis. CRS ; OPM ; Results ; Comments ; Distribution of Income -- Cost Analysis. Non-Federal Pension Plans ; Social Security ; Civil Service Retirement System -- Economic Assumptions -- Demographic Assumptions. Mortality Improvement ; Career Salary Progression ; Social Security ; Disability Rates ; Joint and Survivor Benefits ; Retirement Rates -- Appendix A: Estimated Real Interest Rates (9153-1984).,Civil Service Retirement Team.,CRS 85-755 EPW,"May 22, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Vincent E. Treacy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 85-745 A,"May 2, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

It has been suggested that a Federal program of credit assistance, modeled after Ohio's Linked Deposit Program, be established to assist small businesses. This report describes the operation of the Ohio Linked Deposit Program, presents cases for and against the proposal, and provides an overall evaluation of the proposal.,James M. Bickley, Analyst in Public Finance, Economics Division.,CRS 85-748 E,"May 16, 1985.",SuDoc# Lc 14. 18/3

The Social Security Amendments of 1983 (P.L 98-21) established several temporary fiscal relief provisions that were aimed at providing incentives to strengthen the solvency of State Unemployment Insurance (UI) programs. These provisions allowed States meeting certain conditions to defer interest payments on UI loans, receive a discounted interest rate, and receive a partial cap on Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) tax credit reductions. Most of these provisions expired on September 30, 1985. This paper describes these provisions.,Emmett D. Carson, Analyst in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-543 EPW,"February 4, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

The original legislation created a Federal program to control advertising along federally funded highways was enacted in 1958, but major restructuring occurred in 1965 trhough enactment of Highway Beautification act. Current proposals now before Congress, if enacted, may remove some of the obstacles which have slowed the removal of billboards along Federal-aid highways. This report reviews the Federal program for controlling outdoor advertising along Federal-aid highways: the status of the current program, its evolution, and proposed amendments.,Current Program -- Before the Highway Beautification Act of 1965 -- Highway Beautification Act. 1968 Amendments ; 1974 Amendments ; 1978 Amendments -- Status of Removal Program -- Proposals for Change. Administration Bills ; Gorton Bill.,Malcolm M. Simmons, Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 86-605 ENR,"May 2, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper provides a discussion of the range of meanings for the concept of "Secular humanism," as applied to the curriculum of elementary and secondary schools. Included is an outline of Federal education legislation in which this term has been used.,Abstract -- Alternative Perspectives on the Meaning of "Secular Humanism". "Secular Humanism" as "Scheme" ; "Secular Humanism" as "Unintended Consequence" ; "Secular Humanism" as "Religion" -- The Topic of "Secular Humanism" in Federal Education Legislation. Education Amendments of 1976 ; Education for Economic Security Act (1984) ; The "Protection of Pupil Rights" or "Hatch" Amendment.,Wayne Riddle, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division,CRS 86-545 EPW,"January 31, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

CRS 87-387 L,"April 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Introduction -- Registration -- Reregistration. Data Call-In (DCI) ; HR 2482 Schedule and Fees ; Outstanding Issues -- Inert Ingredients of Pesticide Formulations. HR 2482 -- Special Review/RPAR. HR 2482 -- Removal of a Registration: Cancellation and Suspension. HR 2482 -- Tolerances for Pesticide Residues -- Federal Preemption of State and Local Jurisdictions. Pesticide Residue Tolerances ; Political Subdivisions -- Pesticides and Groundwater -- Data Compensation.,CRS 86-796 ENR,"Agust 5, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper provides an overview of the provisions, the background and legislative history, and current status of the new Magnet Schools Assistance program. This program will support magnet schools (those offering a special curriculum to attract voluntarily students from different racial backgrounds) in desegregating school districts. Current issues affecting the program include debate over a prohibition against using any of its funds for magnet school courses the substance of which is "secular humanism," and unsuccessful efforts by the Reagan Administration to rescind its FY 1985 funding.,James B. Stedman, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 85-746 EPW,"May 31, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Thomas B. Ripy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 85-771 A,"May 14, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This report discusses the present state of the law with regard to sexually explicit commercial telephone conversations, popularly known as "dial-a-porn.",CRS 86-1048 A,"December 24, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper details the effects of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-177), more generally referred to as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, on transportation programs in which the Federal Government is involved.,Kenneth R. DeJarnette, Specialist in Transportation, Economics Division.,CRS 86-574 E,"January 30, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3