The Undergraduate Research and Creative Achievements Forum provides an opportunity for undergraduate students to present their research and creative scholarly projects. Students from all majors and every academic level are invited to present their multi-semester projects, senior honors/capstone projects, or other faculty-mentored scholarly activities. In addition to Mizzou students, we are pleased to showcase the work of 45 visiting undergraduates who have been supported during the summer by NSF, NIH, USDA, and university funds. Thanks to the support of the MU Libraries, we can present our fifth virtual Forum since the pandemic began. To assist you with navigating this online showcase:n n• Projects are organized by broad disciplinary topics. n• The Forum is searchable by student name, faculty name, abstract title, and funding source by using the MU Digital Library search box. n• Each presenter is listed individually, even if they are a member of a research team.nnIn addition to project abstracts, several students have also provided research posters, PowerPoint presentations, or short videos. n• For each project item, there is an asynchronous commenting feature (Disqus) that allows viewers to leave questions and comments between July 29th and August 2nd. We ask all viewers to keep in mind MU's Statement of <a href="https://missouri.edu/mission-values" target="_blank">Respect, Responsibility, Discovery, and Excellence</a>. You may use this link to reference our <a href="https://missouri.box.com/s/62ggxan3hh8q13o94dkr94stcihg07px" target="_blank">Forum Community Commenting Guidelines</a>. Students are encouraged to check-in regularly over the 7 days and respond to audience questions. n• Please note that some abstracts have been withheld upon request of the faculty mentor for proprietary reasons. n nWe welcome and thank the students for their effort and contributions!nnWe invite you to visit the <a href="https://undergradresearch.missouri.edu/" target="_blank">Office of Undergraduate Research</a> website for more information. Questions can be directed to <mailto:ugr@missouri.edu>ugr@missouri.edu</a>. Our thanks to the students and mentors for sharing their work. Enjoy and be well!

MU ID: mu:5004.

Cartas ejecutorias are legal documents created in Spain from the late 1400s through the 1700s. They were usually commissioned copies at the end of a successful lawsuit to confirm a person's noble status for tax or legal purposes, and they were meant to be shown to others as both commemoration and proof of the owner's nobility. The original court copies of these documents (including unsuccessful suits) are still preserved in the royal archives of Valladolid and Granada, Spain, where the courts heard thousands of cases related to noble status during the late medieval and early modern periods. nnThese materials do not belong to the Libraries, but the scans are freely available for use in research and teaching. For questions about the collection and image use permissions, please contact SpecialCollections@missouri.edu.

The Venable Collection documents the history of cartography, geography, and exploration from the sixteenth through the early twentieth century. The collection includes over 150 single-sheet maps that provide examples of the work of noted cartographers such as Abraham Ortelius, Willem Blaeu, Thomas Kitchin, and John Speed. The maps are held in the University Libraries <a href="https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/">Special Collections Department</a>. nn<h2><strong>Digitization</strong></h2>nnThe maps were digitized in-house from 2019-2021.nnEquipment <ul><li>2019, 2021: Indus </li><li>2020: Plustek OpticBook, A300 Plus </li></li><li>Specifications: Tiff files, 24-bit color, 600 ppi (OpticBook), 400 dpi (Indus)</li></ul></ul> <h2><strong>Learn more</strong></h2><ul><li><a href="https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/collections/show/28">Special Collections information</a></li><li><a href="https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/c.php?g=923690&p=6657448">Inventory</a></li><li><a href="https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/venable-maps/introduction">Digital Exhibit</a></li></ul>

The University Libraries and a private collector are partnering to make an extensive collection of medieval and early modern materials available to scholarship through digitization. These materials do not belong to the Libraries, but the scans are freely available for use in research and teaching. For questions about the collection and image use permissions, please contact SpecialCollections@missouri.edu.

The John Tinney McCutcheon collection has approximately 80 cartoons drawn between 1910 and 1919. These cartoons depict a variety of subject matters ranging from mundane domestic legislation to international military events. The occurrence of World War I obviously influenced McCutcheon and his work. Because of this effect, the collection is most easily analyzed within the chronology of World War I.n<h2>Before World War I (July 28, 1914): </h2>nThis portion of the collections is the most diverse in subject matter. McCutcheon illustrates domestic issues, carefully laying his interpretation within them. The Taft administration is frequently featured, especially in the matter of the 1912 presidential election. The collection has an even representation of historical events that are still considered relevant today, and those with most individuals would not be familiar. This is a reasonable conclusion to the fact most news stories do not have a direct, significant impact beyond the era of their publication. However, McCutcheon includes many foreign matters that led up to the beginning of World War I, including the Italo-Turkish War and the First Balkan War. nn<h2>During World War I (July 28, 1914- November 11, 1918):</2>nThe collection cohesively flows into the beginning of World War I. The collection covers the war as a serious foreign issue, but remains more neutral in its portrayal of the subject. McCutcheon does not depict the axis and allied powers are evil and good, but rather approaches one event at a time. This slightly changes after the United States entered the war in 1917. The Germans were portrayed in a more villainous role, which places the United States in a more heroic position. However, McCutcheon comments on the inhumanity that the war brings, especially to Americans receiving profits from the war. McCutcheon also continued to illustrate domestic issues, which were often affected by the war effort.nn<h2>After World War I (After November 11, 1918):</h2>nThis portion of the collection ends almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I. Most notably the collection focuses on the aftermath of the war and the United States's actions after the war. McCutcheon focuses on President Wilson's leadership as a victorious member of the Allied Powers. McCutcheon questions the value and sincerity of President Wilson's "14 Points", most notably his idea for the League of Nations. McCutcheon's cartoons frequently had Uncle Sam (a classic representation of the United States) at odds with President Wilson about post-war policy. These arguments leave a tense impression of President Wilson's leadership at the conclusion of World War I.

Here is some information about some of the people represented on the Confederate bills. See selected bills with these people below.nn<strong> Jefferson Davis </strong>nJefferson Davis (1808-1889) was the president of the Confederate States of America throughout its existence (1861-65). He graduated from West Point in 1828. In 1845 he was elected to the US House of Representatives, but resigned in 1846 to fight in the Mexican-American war. Upon return from the war he entered the Senate, and was made Secretary of War by President Franklin Pierce in 1853. He returned to the Senate in 1857 and was against secession, even though he believed that the Constitution gave states the rights to do so. After Mississippi seceded, Davis was commissioned to become a major general, but two weeks later the Confederate Convention chose him as provisional president. His presidency was not an easy one, because the South had considerably less resources and many internal problems. After Robert Lee surrendered to the North, Davis was caught and imprisoned for two years. He wrote a book titled The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government in 1880, still believing he had done nothing wrong in fighting for state's rights, although this was not successful and he did not regain his citizenship. He died in 1889 in New Orleans. His citizenship was returned to him posthumously in 1978. nnn<strong> Alexander H. Stephens </strong>nAlexander H. Stephens (1812-1883) served as the vice president of the Confederate States of America from 1861-65. He was nicknamed "Little Ellick" because he only weighed around 100 pounds. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, and served in the Georgia House of Representatives, the State Senate, and The U.S. House of Representatives. He was against succession but was pro-slavery, following his home state of Georgia when they seceded. Stephens and Davis disagreed on how to run the Confederacy, with Stephens disagreeing with Davis exercising extra-constitutional war powers in order to try and win the war. After the end of the war he was confined for 5 months, but eventually went on to serve again in the U.S. House of Representatives and become the governor of Georgia. The book he wrote titled A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States is "perhaps best statement of the Southern position on state sovereignty and secession" (Encyclopedia Britannica).nnn<strong> C.G. Memminger </strong>nChristopher G. Memminger (1803-1888) was the secretary of treasury for the Confederate States of America. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, he is "generally held responsible for the collapse of his government's credit during the Civil War". He was an attorney and known for his financing abilities. After Abraham Lincoln was elected, he was for succession and was involved in South Carolina's secession convention. He was elected treasurer by Jefferson Davis. The currency quickly lost its value as more and more were being printed to cover costs. They lost their credit in 1864, and Memminger quickly resigned.nnn<strong> J.P. Benjamin </strong>nJudah P. Benjamin (1811-1884) was a prominent lawyer both before and after the American Civil War. He was known in the Senate for his pro-slavery speeches. After his state, Louisiana, seceded from the Union, he was appointed attorney general for the Confederacy. Later he was named secretary of war by Jefferson Davis, but several blunders led to defeats, so he resigned and was named secretary of state by Davis. He angered white Southerners by saying he thought that slaves should be recruited into the military and freed after their service. After the war was over, he escaped to England, and eventually became one of the Queen's counsels. nnn<strong> Lucy Pickens </strong>nLucy Holcombe Pickens (1832-1899) was better known as the 'Queen of the Confederacy". She was an American socialite and the First Lady of South Carolina after her husband, Francis W. Pickens, was elected governor in 1860. She is the only woman who is depicted on Confederate Currency. Lucy helped to shape the stereotype of the "Southern Belle".nnn<strong> Clement C. Clay </strong>nClement Claiborne Clay Jr. (1816-1882) graduated from the law department of the University of Virginia in 1839. He enjoyed a rising career in politics, serving in the United States Senate from the years 1853-1861, when he withdrew when his state seceded and became a member of the Confederate Senate (1861-63) and also a diplomatic member of the Confederate States. At the end of the war, imprisoned for a short while before settling on his plantation in Alabama and "[devoting] himself to agricultural pursuits and the practice of law" until his death.nnn<strong> John C. Calhoun </strong>nJohn C. Calhoun (1782-1850) was an American politician who held many offices, including secretary of war, congressman, and vice president. He was also a champion of state's rights and a symbol of slavery to the South. He believed in nullification, the idea that each state was sovereign, and that the United States Supreme Court could not declare something as unconstitutional, but that that power belonged to the state. He argued this because he feared on day the North would abolish slavery. This idea was not very popular, not even with future president of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis. He spent the last 20 years of his life fighting the abolition movements and trying to unite the South. nnn<strong> George W. Randolph </strong>nGeorge Wythe Randolph (1818-1867) was a lawyer, Confederate general, and the Confederate secretary of war during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis appointed him as secretary of war to replace Judah P. Benjamin in 1862. Randolph's frustration with Davis' war tactics and his tuberculosis issues caused him to resign in November 1862.nnn<strong> R.M.T. Hunter </strong>nRobert M.T. Hunter was a representative and a senator from the state of Virginia. He was removed from the Senate in 1861 for supporting the rebellion. He then went on to serve as the Confederate secretary of state from 1861-62 and then went on to serve in the Confederate senate. He is remembered for his passionate speeches against recruiting black slaves to fight in the Confederate Army, because he knew it meant they would have to give those who fought freedom after the war.nnn<strong> Works Cited </strong>n<ul>n<li>Capers, Gerald M. "John C. Calhoun." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Mar. 2019, <a href= "https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-C-Calhoun"> https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-C-Calhoun </a>n<li>CLAY, Clement Claiborne, Jr. - Biographical Information, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, <a href= "http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c000480"> http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c000480 </a>.n<li>Goldberg, David E. "George Wythe Randolph (1818–1867)." Randolph, George Wythe (1818–1867), <a href= "https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Randolph_George_Wythe_1818-1867#start_entry"> https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Randolph_George_Wythe_1818-1867#start_entry </a>n<li> HUNTER, Robert Mercer Taliaferro - Biographical Information, <a href= " http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000988"> http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000988 </a>n<li>"Lucy Pickens." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Nov. 2019, <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pickens"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pickens </a>.n<li>Sen. RMT Hunter's Speech Against Black Confederate Troops, <a href= "http://www.civilwarcauses.org/hunter.htm"> http://www.civilwarcauses.org/hunter.htm </a>n<li>Strode, Hudson. "Jefferson Davis." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2 Dec. 2019, <a href= "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jefferson-Davis"> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jefferson-Davis </a>n<li>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Alexander H. Stephens." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 16 Aug. 2019, <a href= "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-H-Stephens"> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-H-Stephens </a>n<li>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Christopher G. Memminger." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 3 Mar. 2019, <a href= " https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-G-Memminger"> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-G-Memminger </a>n<li>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Judah P. Benjamin." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2 Aug. 2019, <a href= "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judah-P-Benjamin"> https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judah-P-Benjamin </a>n</ul>nnResearch contributed by Samantha Monk, Fall 2019 English Intern.

<strong>Research Regarding <em><a href="https://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A421556#page/1/mode/1up">Confederate Currency Ten Dollar Bill with Serial Number 7874 (#0017)</a></em></strong>nn<strong>Graphics/Symbols:</strong>nn<strong><em>Woman on the right = Minerva</em> </strong>n<ul><li>"Roman goddess of wisdom, medicine, commerce, handicrafts, poetry, the arts in general, and later, war"-war as an art form</li> <li>Also associated with victory and protection</li> <li>Often represented as "a noble and fearless warrior" (<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Minerva/">https://www.ancient.eu/Minerva/</a>)</li><li>Roman deities were common in United States and European symbolisms</li><ul><li>Harkened back to the strength of the Roman Empire</li></ul></ul><strong><em>Center image = "Gen. Francis Marion's sweet potato dinner"</em></strong>n<ul><li><strong>Inspiration</strong> <ul><li>"General Francis Marion offering dinner of sweet potatoes to Sir [Banastre] Tarleton during Revolutionary War"(42)</li> <li>Based on "fanciful painting" from 1836 by the name "<a href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Painting_33_00002.htm">General Marion Inviting a British Officer to Dinner" by John Blake White</a> (42) </li> <li>Fact/Legend: Early 1781, militia leader Marion camping out in South Carolina when British officer arrived to negotiate a prisoner exchange. Marion offered him some of their breakfast of sweet potatoes, the British officer was so touched by the American's dedication to independence based on their meager meal and tattered clothes that, legend has it, he switched sides to fight for American independence. </li></ul> </li> <p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/General_Marion.jpg"/></p> <li><strong>General Francis Marion:</strong></li> <ul><li>Native of South Carolina </li> <li>Owned slaves</li> <li>Fought in multiple early American wars, most notably the Revolutionary War</li> <li>Gained nickname "Swamp Fox" as he avoided capture by the British even after Charleston fell, specifically avoided capture by British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton who gave up chasing him after 26 miles when Marion's militia escaped into a swamp</li> <ul><li>"As for this damned old fox, the Devil himself could not catch him." –British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton</li></ul> <li>Iconic historical figure/legend especially for South</li> <ul><li>"Though things looked bad for the Americans after Charleston fell, Marion's cunning, resourcefulness and determination helped keep the cause of American independence alive in the South."</li></ul> <li>Inspiration for 2000 movie, <em>The Patriot</em></li></ul> <li><strong>Oscar Marion:</strong></li> <ul><li>Marion's personal slave</li> <li>The African-American cooking sweet potatoes in White's painting which now hangs at the Capitol</li> <li>Honored in 2006 by President Bush for being a "faithful servant" and for his "service…in the Armed Forces of the United States"</li><li>Source: <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-swamp-fox-157330429/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-swamp-fox-157330429/</a>)</li></ul></ul><strong><em>Portrait on right = R.M.T. Hunter </em></strong>n<ul><li>Full name: Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter</li> <li>1809-1887</li> <li>Prior to Civil War, U.S. Representative from Virginia, Speaker of the House, and U.S. Senator </li> <li>During Civil War, became the Confederate States Secretary of State early on then a Confederate Senator in 1862.</li> <li>Confederate President pro tempore on various occasions</li> <li>Member of "Southern Triumvirate" with Jefferson Davis and Robert Toombs</li><li>A <a href="https://www.loc.gov/static/managed-content/uploads/sites/10/1801/04/robert-hunter.jpg">photograph of Hunter</a> can be viewed on the Library of Congress website.<li>Sources:<ul><li><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/april-21/">https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/april-21/</a></li> <li><a href="https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15500">https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15500</a></li></ul></ul>nnResearch contributed by Emma Kate Eldred, Fall 2019 English Intern.

<strong>Plates from:</strong>n<strong>Author:</strong> Schreiber, Wilhelm Ludwig, 1855-1932.n<strong>Title:</strong> Der Buchholzschnitt im 15. Jahrhundert in Original-Beispielen. : 55 Inkunabelproben: Deutscher, Schweizer, Niederländischer, Tschechischer und Italienischer Pressen.n<strong>Published:</strong> München : Weiss, 1929.n<strong>Notes:</strong> In portfolio. Limited edition. 100 copies; 50 have a German text and 50 have an English text.n<strong>WorldCat number:</strong> 12002508

<strong>Plates from: </strong>n<strong>Title:</strong> Kräuterbücher aus fünf Jahrhunderten : 50 Originalblätter aus deutschen, französischen, niederländischen, englischen, italienischen und Schweizer Kräuterbüchern. Mit historischer Einleitung und Bibliographie.n<strong>Publication:</strong> München : Wölfe, 1956.n<strong>Notes:</strong> Original plates from herbals published 1485 - 1858-63.n<strong>WorldCat number:</strong> 14674542

The University of Missouri collection includes three enclosures: 1) The transmittal letter from the United States Treasury Department, dated May 18, 1912; 2) Tables from Volume 2 (1867) of the American Journal of Numismatics which give information about Confederate Currency; and 3) a finding aid for the University of Missouri collection.

Photocopy of a transcript of a notebook in which Thomas Rooke documents conversations with Edward Burne-Jones. The conversations were held from 1895 to 1898. Georgiana Burne-Jones created the transcription in the early 1900s. The photocopy was made for research conducted by Mary Lago for her book, Burne-Jones talking (published 1981). Thomas Rooke (1806-1858) was a studio assistant to Edward Burne-Jones (1833-1898), an English artist. Georgiana Burne-Jones (1840-1920) was married to Edward Burne-Jones. The notebook and original transcript are presumed lost. The photocopy is part of the <a href="http://merlin.mobius.umsystem.edu/record=b8126694~S8">Mary Lago Collection</a> at the University of Missouri Libraries.

<p> In 1912, the United States Treasury department gifted the University of Missouri libraries a collection of bills from the Confederate States of America. This collection includes 135 monetary notes, all using the Criswell Numbering System. </p>nn<p> "Confederate currency was first issued at the beginning of the Civil War and used widely in the South as a legitimate means to purchase goods and services. Some currency was printed by the Confederate States of America as a whole, some by individual states, and some by private banks. The bills in our collection were all issued by the Confederate States of America. Due to various printers, confederate currency tended to vary from printing to printing and state to state. Bills issued by the C.S.A. were hand signed and individually numbered by the Treasurer and Register, however, the duty became taxing with the number of bills produced, so secretaries were hired to sign the bills in later printings. It was not uncommon for notes to be printed on a single side or cut unevenly. Ultimately, by the end of the war, Confederate currency was nearly worthless, in part due to forgery as well as the loss of confidence in the Confederacy" <a href = "https://library.missouri.edu/news/special-collections/confederate-currency"> (MU Special Collections Website) </a> </p>nn<p> This collection includes 50 cent, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollar bills. All the bills in this collection were printed in Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy. They were printed from 1861 – 1864 and were signed by a variety of treasurers and registers. The bills are in various physical conditions, with many having wrinkles, holes, stains, and tears. Images on the bills included many famous Confederate figures such as Jefferson Davis, R.M.T. Hunter, Judah P. Benjamin, and Lucy Pickens. They also depicted symbols and figures the Confederacy considered important, such as bales of cotton, the goddess of war Minerva, and the capital building in Richmond, Virginia. </p>nn<p> This collection was digitized in November of 2019 using a Plustek OpticBook A3000 Plus. They were cropped and straightened using Adobe Photoshop. Photos are in color with an optical resolution of 600 dpi. </p>

The Children's Literature collection is now available in the HathiTrust: <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis;c=2101418442"> University of Missouri Collection - Children's Literature</a>.