This report examines the impact of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, on the FY86 budget of selected research and development (R&D) programs. The analysis of the report focuses on the likely scope of reprogramming, and its potential impact on each program or agency in general. The qualitative program analysis also tried to determine what research areas were likely to suffer most under Gramm-Rudman-Hollings and if the different R&D agencies planned to cut the number of research grans or the size of each grant and how either action might affect their programs.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; Office of Productivity, Technology and Innovation -- Department of Energy. Energy Supply Research and Development Activities ; Nuclear Fission ; Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund ; Basic Energy Sciences ; Energy Conservation Programs ; Electric Energy Systems and Energy Storage ; DOE Solar and Renewables ; Magnetic Fusion Energy ; Uranium Enrichment Activities ; General Science and Research Activities ; Fossil Energy Research and Development ; Expected Impact of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings -- Department of Interior. Bureau of Mines ; Minerals and Materials Research, Information, and Analysis -- Department of Transportation. Research Development ; FAA Research, Engineering and Development-Trust Fund -- Environmental Protection Agency. Research and Development Programs -- Federal Emergency Management Agency. United States Fire Administration ; National Fire Academy ; National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- National Science Foundation.,CRS 86-538 SPR,"January 31, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

P.L. 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, is generally regarded as a landmark in the establishment of educational equality for school-age handicapped children in the United States. This paper, written upon the 10th anniversary of the enactment of P.L. 94-142, examines the law's background, development, and implementation, and discusses issues before Congress on its future.,Abstract -- The Development of P.L. 94-142. Assistance to States for the Education of the Handicapped Before P.L. 94-142 ; Influences on the Enactment of P.L. 94-142 ; The Mathias Amendment -- Legislative History of P.L. 94-142. Senate Action ; House Action ; Conference Action ; President Signs P.L. 94-142 -- Amendments to P.L. 94-142. The Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act P.L. 96-270 ; Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, P.L. 97-35 ; The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1983, P.L. 98-99 -- The Education of the Handicapped Under P.L. 94-142. Compartive Data on Implementation From Department of Education Annual Reports ; National Evaluation and Other Analyses of P.L. 94-142 -- Issues Before Congress on the Future of P.L. 94-142. Funding Levels ; Attorneys' Fees Legislation ; Other P.L. 94-142 Issues -- Appendix.,Charlotte Jones Fraas, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-552 EPW,"October 25, 1985." n"Updated February 10, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This report presents estimates of real earnings (i.e., earnings adjusted for inflation) from 1947 to 1985. While average real earnings increased by 60.6 percent between 1947 and 1972, average real earnings decreased by 13.5 percent between 1972 and 1985. This report also presents estimates of real spendable earnings (i.e., earnings adjusted for inflation, Federal tax payments, and social security contributions) and the changes in these earnings.,Abstract -- Introduction and Major Findings -- Real Earnings -- Real Spendable Earnings -- A Long Run View -- Appendix: Estimates.,Richard S. Belous, Analyst in Labor Economics, Economics Division.,CRS 86-615 E,"April 15, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This report compares CPI increase with the rate of pay increase for Members of Congress, General Schedule Federal employees, the military, blue collar workers, white collar workers, and civil service and military pension recipients for the period of 1969-1987.,CRS 86-1004 GOV,"Revised by Paul Dwyer.","March 23, 1984.",Revised "November 20, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The House-passed tax reform bill (H.R. 3838) would have a major impact on the operations of the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association-College Retirement Equity Fund (TIAA-CREF). This paper discusses the issues raised by provisions in H.R. 3838 that would: (1) repeal the organization's tax-exempt status, (2) impose nondiscrimination standards on the retirement plans covering employees of colleges and universities, (3) limit contributions that employees may elect to make before taxes to their retirement plan, (4) coordinate salary deferrals made to the TIAA-CREF plan with the limits on Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), and (5) under certain circumstances, impose a 15 percent excise tax on early withdrawals.,Ray Schmitt and Richard A. Hobbie, Specialists in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-530 EPW,"January 28, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

The Clean Air Act prevents visibility impairment - changes in visual range, contrast, and coloration caused by human activities - in three distinct programs: (1) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), (2) prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) in areas cleaner than the national standards, and (3) visibility protection in pristine areas such as National Parks. The 1970 amendments to the Act authorized the first program; the 1977 amendments made the second an express statutory requirement and authorized the third program. nnSince the Clean Air Act drew attention to visual air quality, researchers have defined the various aspects of visibility, determined visibility trends in different regions of the country, described its value, identified regions where visibility has special significance and thus where it must receive immediate regulatory attention. nnRegulators, moreover, have initiated the first phase of what will be a comprehensive visibility protection program for pristine parts of the country, mandatory Class I areas. This program extends some of the features found in the NAAQS and PSD programs and may have implications for visibility protection nationwide.,Joan Rae Hartmann, Analyst in Environmental Policy, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division and Alison Holt, Intern, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 85-736 ENR,May 8, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

As a result of a recent Supreme Court decision, State and local fire protection and law enforcement employees have come under the wage and overtime provisions of the Fair labor Standards Act. This report examines the overtime coverage.,Dennis M. Roth, Specialist in Labor Economics, Economics Division.,CRS 85-744 E,"May 17, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Julian Pettengill, Specialist in Social Legislation and Joseph A. Cislowski, Analyst in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-598 EPW,"March 11, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper analyzes recent evaluations of local school district programs serving limited-English-proficient (LEP) students in the U.S. It discusses the purpose and background of the Bilingual Education Act, describes the Basic Demonstration Projects under this Act, chronicles how the scope of the Federal program has expanded, defines the various instructional approaches for teaching LEP students, and presents the major findings of recent evaluations regarding the effectiveness of various types of local programs serving LEP students. The related research on second-language learning and bilingualism is also synthesized.,Abstract -- Background. Basic Projects ; Demonstration Projects ; Expanded Scope of the Federal Bilingual Education Program ; Characteristics of LEP Students -- Alternative Instructional Approaches to Bilingual Education. English as a Second Language ; Immersion ; Transitional Bilingual Education -- Effectiveness of Basic and Demonstration Projects. American Institutes of Research Study ; Department of Education Literature Review ; NCBR Synthesis of Bilingual Education Program Evaluations ; Willig's Synthesis of Bilingual Education Program Evaluations ; Teaching Reading to Bilingual Children Study -- Effectiveness of Immersion Programs with Low-Income, Language-Minority Students in the United States -- Related Research on Second-Language Learning -- Summary.,Rick Holland, Analyst in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-611 EPW,"March 18, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

CRS 87-371 L,"April 24, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This reading list presents information on the Department of Defense, various Defense Department reorganization proposals and considers likely changes in the defense establishment. It includes a section on the Joint Chief of Staff which presents recent assessments of JCS reform efforts.,Defense Department: General Materials -- Defense Organization and Reorganization Proposals -- Joint Chiefs of Staff Organization.,Sherry B. Shapiro, Senior Bibliographer, Foreign Affairs, Library Services Division,CRS 87-381 L," April 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The special supplemental food program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides monthly food supplements to low-income pregnant and postpartum women, and infants and children who are determined to be at health risk because of nutrition-related problems. Created in 1972, this food program was designed to blend the nutritious benefits of food with health care during critical times of growth and development. This report describes the program and its history and evolution. It also provides current and historical data on funding and participation.,CRS 86-794 EPW,"May 11, 1982.","Updated July 23, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The United States Government is the world's largest debtor. It owes nearly $2 trillion and is borrowing more at a rate of approximately $200 billion a year. This report explains the basics of how the Government goes about borrowing these sums.,Abstract -- Introduction -- The Auction Process and Competitive Determination of Interest Rates -- Bills, Bonds, and Notes -- Savings Bonds, Government Accounts, and Non-Negotiable Securities -- Agency Issues and the Federal Financing Bank -- Tax Treatment -- Innovations -- Borrowing from the Federal Reserve and Non-Interest Bearing Debt -- Conclusion.,Thomas Woodward, Analyst in Public Finance, Economics Division.,CRS 85-762 E,"May 28, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper describes the conditions under which employees of State and local governments are covered by social security and medicare.,David Koitz, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,Updated by Geoffrey Kollmann, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-756 EPW,"September 6, 1985.",Updated "July 7, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper provides a title-by-title comparison and contrast of major current law provisions of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (PL 89-329), as amended, with thos of the reauthorizing legislation as passed by the House on December 4, 1985 and by the Senate on June 3, 1986: HR 3700, the Higher Education Amendments of 1985 and S. 1965, the Higher Education Amendments of 1986. After the Senate passed S. 1965, the House passed S. 1965 amended with the language of H.R. 3700 as passed by the House. nnThose who have contributed to this report want to express their appreciation to Nan Hill for her exceptional editorial skills and perseverance in preparing this report.,David S. Osman, Specialist in Education, Susan Boren, Specialist in Education, Charlotte Fraas, Specialist in Social Legislation, Paul M. Irwin, Specialist in Education, K. Forbis Jordan, Senior Specialist in Education, Wayne C. Riddle, Specialist in Education, James Stedman, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-745 EPW,"June 26, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Charles V. Dale, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 86-809 A,"July 23, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper describes the application of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, P.L. 99-177, popularity called "Gramm-Rudman-Hollings," to programs administered by the Department of Education, particularly, it will focus on provisions establishing "emergency powers to eliminate deficits in excess of maximum deficit amounts." All of the programs within the Department's jurisdiction are subject to the automatic spending reduction provisions of this law. Two programs are subject to special treatment, the Guaranteed Student Loan and the Vocational Rehabilitation State grant program. The remaining programs are subject to a uniform percentage reduction, estimated to be 4.3 percent for FY 1986.,CRS 86-544 EPW,"February 3, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Probably the most contentious provision of H.R. 3, Trade and International Economic Policy Reform Act of 1987, concerns a mandatory reduction in surplus for countries that have a large bilateral trade surplus with the United States through unfair trade practices (the "Gephardt Amendment"). In the short-run, a mandatory reduction in foreign surplus could possibly improve the U.S. trade surplus to a small degree; but over time, exchange rate adjustment would tend to offset the effects of the reduction in surplus.,Original Gephardt Provision -- Provision Reported by the Ways and Means Committee -- Revised Gephardt Amendment -- Comparison of Ways and Means Provision and Revised Gephardt Amendment -- Administration Position -- Arguments in Support of Gephardt Amendment -- Arguments Opposing the Gephardt Amendment -- Potential Effects of the Gephardt Amendment -- Selected Reading.,CRS 87-373 E,"April 24, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The DowJones Industrial Average is the oldest and most commonly known index of the day-to-day overall price performance of stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange. This stock price index has undergone much change since its inception. This report examines the evolution of the stock index's components, and method of calculation. It also briefly addresses the issue of the index's usefulness.,Abstract -- The Composition and calculation of the DJIA. The Formative Years ; The Modern Era -- The Questions of Usefulness -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Other Dow Jones Stock Price Average Series -- Appendix 2: Other Major Stock Price Indices.,CRS 86-775 E,"July 1, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 85-631 A,"March 14, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3