The House-passed tax reform bill (H.R. 3838) would make three changes in Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs): (1) correct an anomaly in the "spousal IRA," (2) coordinate certain "elective deferrals" to 401(k) plans and 403(b) annuities with the IRA deduction limits, and (3) increase the additional income tax on "early withdrawals" from 10 to 15 percent. Although the Administration an the House Committee on Ways and Means had common goals in developing changes to IRAs, their proposals differ. This paper discusses and analyzes these differences.,Abstract -- Summary of Proposed Changes -- The Spousal IRA. Present Law ; Administration's Proposal ; HR 3838 -- Coordination with 401(k) Plans and 403(b) Annuities. Present Law ; Administration's Proposal ; HR 3838 -- Increase in Income Tax on Early Withdrawals. Present Law ; Administration's Proposal ; HR 3838 -- Analysis. The Spousal IRA Provision ; Coordination with 401(k) Plans and 403(b) Annuities ; Increase in Income Tax on Early Withdrawals -- Bibliography.,Richard A. Hobbie, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 86-553 EPW,"February 13, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Michael V. Seitzinger, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 86-804 A,"July 8, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report provides a legal analysis of certain questions regarding the effect of the contingent extension provision of the General Education Procedures Act (GEPA), 20 U.S.C $ 1226a, upon current Higher Education Act programs. The specific question which has been raised concerns the application of the two year authorization extension portion of the GEPA contingent extension provision to those Higher Education Act programs which are forward-funded and whose authorization of appropriations expired at the end of the fiscal year 1985.nnThe Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, 20 U.S.C. $ 1001 et seq., sets forth various programs of financial assistance to institution of higher education and to students of such institutions. Funding for such programs is accomplished through the appropriations process in several ways. Some Higher Education Act programs, such as Pell Grant, 20 U.S.C. $ 1070(a), and Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, 20 U.S.C. $ 1070b et seq., are forward-funded. Other Higher Education Act programs, such as the Endowment Grants program, 20 U.S.C. $ 1065a, are current year funded. And, the Endowment Guaranteed Student Loan Program, 20 U.S.C. $ 1071 et seq., is an example of a Higher Education Act program which is funded on a "no year" basis, i.e., appropriated funds are available in the year of appropriation and remain available until expended.,Kathleen S. Swendiman, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 86-618 A,"February 10, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper analyzes the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment -- popularly known as the "Hatch Amendment" -- and the U.S. Department of Education's implementing regulations regarding student rights in federally funded educational research, experimental activities, and testing. The legislative history of the amendment is presented, and the public response to the Department of Education's regulations that implement this amendment is discussed.,Rick Holland, Analyst in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division,CRS 86-801 EPW,"February 27, 1985.","Revised and Updated July 30, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Although it is uncertain, it appears likely that a court would hold that the federal bank supervisory agencies would have the power under the Bank Protection Act to promulgate rules requiring banks to install security measures to protect customers using automatic teller machines.,M. Maureen Murphy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 87-355 A,"April 17, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report discusses federal and state legislative efforts and banking industry self-policing measures to combat crimes occurring to those using automated teller machines (ATMs).,La Vonne M. Grabiak, Paralegal Specialist, and M. Maureen Murphy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 87-375 A,"April 22, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, also known as Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, subjects agriculture to the same budget reductions as other non-exempt programs ordered. However, due to the unique nature of the agriculture budget, special provisions were included on how to achieve those cuts in farm spending. This report discusses this new law with regard to agriculture programs. An updated version of this report will be issued when the U.S. Department of Agriculture announces how it will implement the across-the-board reductions.,Geoffrey S. Becker, Analyst, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division,CRS 86-547 ENR,"February 5, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper describes satellite survivability measures in general. It then provides separate write-ups on each generic type of U.S. military satellite system, including national security. Each write-up states the current situation, with regard to satellites in orbit, and future plans, emphasizing survivability measures.,Arthur F. Manfredit, Jr., Specialist in Aerospace Policy, Science Policy Research Division.,CRS 86-581 SPR,"February 26, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Federal housing policy for rural areas is now at a crossroads. Since 1949 more than two million rural families have received benefits through housing programs of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) and about 700,000 through the deep-subsidy programs of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Early in 1985 the Reagan Administration proposed that additional aid under these programs be suspended for two years, after which all subsidized housing in rural areas would be provided by HUD. While Congress has not yet concurred in these proposed changes, deep cutbacks in proggram levels are expected in the process of reducing the Federal budget deficit. nnIn this transition period, legislators and community groups are going back to the drawing board and asking basic questions about rural housing needs and programs. The questions include the following: (1) What kinds of housing difficulties face low and moderate income families in rural areas? (2) Is there a chronic credit gap for housing in rural areas? (3) What is the connection between the problems of the farm economy and housing problems in rural areas? (4) Are the Federal and State programs now in place able to deal effectively with these problems? (5) Are additional or alternative measures--private as well as public--called for?,Morton J. Schussheim, Senior Specialist in Housing.,CRS 86-517 S,"January 17, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This report briefly describes the limits placed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the deductibility of interest by individuals. It includes the categories of business interest, consumer interest, home mortgage interest, investment interest, interest on activities subject to the passive loss limits, and interest on rental real estate in which the taxpayer actively participates.,Abstract -- Business Interest -- Consumer Interest. Phase-Out Timetable ; Interest on Borrowing Associated with Life Insurance Policies -- Home Mortgage Interest. Ministers and Military Personnel -- Investment Interest -- Interest on Activities Subject to the Passive Loss Rules -- Interest on Rental Real Estate Activities in Which the Taxpayer Actively Participates -- Related CRS Reports.,Nonna A. Noto, Specialist in Public Finance, Economics Division.,CRS 86-556 E,"December 9, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Rita Ann Reimer, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 85-552A,"January 22, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Daniel Hill Zafren, Specialist in American Public Law, American Law Division,CRS 86-748 A,"June 30, 1986.",SuDoc# Lc 14. 18/3

This report presents the most recent available statistical data on the United States' trade with Nicaragua and Nicaragua's overall foreign trade. It contains a survey of trade sanctions imposed by the United States against Nicaragua, and a listing of articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that are most relevant to the imposition of trade sanctions.,Vladimir N. Pregelj, Specialist in International Trade Finances, Economics Division,CRS 86-754 E,"July 8, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report discusses compensation for high-level Federal officials including the Vice President, Cabinet and sub-cabinet officers, agency heads, Members of Congress, and the Federal judiciary. It sets forth arguments for and against the substantial increases recommended by the special 1986 Commission on Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries as well as the President's pay recommendations submitted in his FY88 Budget Message (see Appendix for these) and presents factors that enter into determining an appropriate and adequate pay for these officers of the Government.,Abstract -- Summary -- Introduction -- What Should the Nation's Hightest Public Officials Be Paid?. Current Pay Status ; Why Some Favor An Increase ; Why Others Oppose a Pay Raise -- Factors Which Complicate Efforts to Set Pay Levels. Linkage of Salaries of Top Officials to Congressional Pay Levels ; Compression ; Political Considerations Affecting Federal Officials Pay-Setting ; Problems Inherent in Comparing Federal and Private Pay Standards -- Commission on Exectutive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries -- What the Fiscal 1985 Commission Found. The Approach and Findings of the 1985 Commission ; Changes Proposed by the 1985 Commission -- Outlook for Federal Exectutive Pay in 1987 -- Appendix: Pay Recommendations of the 1986 Commission on Exectutive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries.,James P. McGrath, Analyst in American National Government, Government Division.,CRS 86-1021 GOV,"December 30, 1986.","Updated January 9, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Between 1979 and 1983, the propotion of children aged 5-17 in the United States who were in poverty families rose from 15.3 percent to 21.3 percent, falling to 20.3 percent in 1984. This report examines the possible implications of this trend for the Federal program of compensatory education for educationally disadvantaged children under chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act. Specific topics discussed include the correlation of poverty and educational disadvantage, the specific effects of poverty concentration and duration on educational achievement, and a comparison of trends in chapter 1 participation with those in the number of poverty children.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Relationships Between Child Poverty and Chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act -- Correlation of Poverty with Educational Disadvantage. General Consolidations ; Summary of Research Findings ; Findings of Individual Major Reports ; Sustaining Effects Study, Final Report and Technical Report Number 20 (1983 and 1982, respectively) ; National Institute of Education Compensatory Education Study (1977) ; Synthesis of Correlation Studies by Karl White (1982) ; Analyses of the Relationship Between Poverty Concentration and Educational Disadvantage ; Relationship Between the Duration of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage -- Possible Implications of Recent Child Poverty Trends for Chapter 1 Programs,Wayne C. Riddle, Specialist in Education, Education and Public Welfare Division,CRS 86-773 EPW,"July 10, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Vincent E. Treacy, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division,CRS 86-843 A,"August 11, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Several U.S. companies plan to introduce a new product to the dairy industry called bovine growth hormone (bGH), or bovine somatotropin (BST). When injected into dairy cows in test herds, this product has stimulated large increases in milk output without corresponding increases in production costs. However, BST, which must gain Food and Drug Administration approval before it can be offered commercially, has raised a number of controversial questions among lawmakers, who are concerned about its impact on an already burdensome U.S. milk supply, on the structure and conduct of dairy farming, and on consumer safety, among other things.,Abstract -- Introduction. Overview ; What is Bovine Somatotropin -- Implications for Agriculture. The U.S. Dairy Surplus ; Future Milk Supply ; BST: How Much Milk and How Soon? ; Implications for Federal Price Support Policy ; Practical Application and Cost ; Will BST Hurt Small Farmers? ; The U.S. Dairy Industry at a Crossroads -- Regulation of Bovine Somatotropin. Introduction ; Regulatory Status of BST ; Environmental Issues ; FDA's Consideration of Environmental Issues ; Efficacy and Animal Health Issues -- Some Consideration for Technology Development -- Questions for Further Study,Geoffrey S. Becker, Specialist, Enevironment and Natural Resources Policy Division, and Sarah Taylor, Analyst, Science Policy Research Division,CRS 86-1020 ENR/SPR,"November 20, 1986.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Is the U.S. financial system in trouble? Do the recent failures of thrift institutions, banks and government-securities dealers--and the fears of further collapses--foreshadow serious trouble? Part I of the bibliography cites works on bank failures and Part II deals with thrift institutions, focusing on these questions and issues.,Felix Chin, Senior Bibliographer, Economics, Library Services Division.,CRS 85-757 L,"May 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 85-583 A,"February 4, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

Charles V. Dale, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 86-617 A,"February 6, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3,The report has duplicates of pages 11 and 15.