On February 23, 1984, the House of Representatives, passed the Foreign Language Assistance for National Security Act of 1983. This paper presents an analysis of this bill, as well as: (1) a review of the findings and recommendations by national commissions on the status of foreign language achievement and international studies ; (2) a description of current Federal programs and other major legislative proposals in this area; and (3) an analysis of the pending legislation in light of other similar proposals and the various commissions' findings and recommendations.,Nancy B. Borkow, Technical Information Specialist, Office of Senior Specialists,CRS 84-609 S,"April 20, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report discusses concentration in the daily newspaper industry. More specifically, section I examines various ways national concentration in the industry might be defined and measured. Sections II and III discuss the trends in group ownership and the number of U.S. cities with competing dailies. Section IV looks at some Federal laws and regulations that affect concentration in the industry. Finally, section V presents some concluding observations.,Abstract -- Introduction -- National Concentration in the Daily Newspaper Industry. Concentration Ratios Based on the Value of Sales ; Concentration Ratios Based on Circulation ; Concentration Ratios Based on Ownership -- Group Ownership. Trends ; Summary of Causes and Effects -- Intracity Concentration. Trends and Causes ; Summary of Effects -- Public Policy -- Conclusion -- Appendix. Supplemental Newspaper Industry Data,R. Kevin Flaherty, Reference Assistant, Industry Analysis and Finance Section, Economic Division,CRS 84-636 E,"April 30, 1984.","Revised July 10, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Larry B. Parker, Analyst in Energy Policy; John E. Blodgett, Senior Analyst in Environmental Policy; and Mary E. Hofmann, Reference Assistant in Environmental Policy.,CRS 84-828 ENR,"October 15, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report sets forth the legislative history of the prohibition on the use of United States military advisers and combat troops within Nicaragua. Enacted as part of the military construction title of this year's continuing resolution, Pub. L. No. 99-500, which also authorized lethal and humanitarian assistance to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance, or Contras, the provision represents a legislative attempt to clarify United States policy on the matter and ensure effective adherence to Administration statements that United States troops will not be so introduced.,CRS 86-1007 A,"November 14, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Controversy continues regarding the adequacy of emergency plans to protect the public in the event of a nuclear reactor accident and the role of State and local governments in emergency planning. This report, prepared under contract for CRS, reviews these issues.,CRS 84-635 SPR,"April 13, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Only national estimates are available concerning teacher supply and demand. The unknown factor is whether or not the supply of teachers will be sufficient to meet the future demand resulting from projected increases in school enrollments. In the school reform movement, States have taken various actions to improve their teaching force, but Federal actions have been limited.,CRS 85-994 S,"October 9, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The Farm Credit System was established during the period 1916-1933 to meet the unique credit needs of agricultural producers, and to address the financial problems they faced during the deteriorating agricultural economic situation of the 1920s and early 1930s. This paper reviews the structure of the Farm Credit System; the legislation that established it; the System's initial capitalization by the Federal Government and subsequent steps that led to private ownership; and the current status of the System's revolving funds held by the U.S. Treasury.,CRS 85-997 ENR,"October 10, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The real rate of interest is a useful concept that is difficult to measure. This paper examines the conceptual distinction between nominal interest rate and real interest rates. The paper proceeds to discuss problems inherent in the estimation of the real interest rate.,CRS 84-717 E,"August 6, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Lawmakers are now considering legislation to replace the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-98), which expires in 1985. This comprehensive law governs the farm price and income support programs for milk, wheat, feed grains, and other major commodities and also authorizes several important domestic and foreign food assistance programs, agricultural research and conservation, and other activities important to the food and farm sector. This report compares omnibus proposals introduced in the 99th Congress.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Wheat, Feed Grains, Cotton and Rice -- Soybeans -- Milk -- Peanuts -- Sweeteners -- Tobacco - Wool and Mohair -- Grain Reserves -- Export Programs -- Foreign Food Aid -- Domestic Food Assistance -- Research and Extension -- Conservation -- Agricultural Credit -- Miscellaneous Provisions.,CRS 85-861 ENR,"July 8, 1985.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

This paper briefly summarizes selected major legislation in the 98th Congress affecting the elderly, including proposals actually enacted and those pending final action as of August 1984. Legislation described includes that related to income, health social services, employment and training, age discrimination and housing.,Introduction -- Income. Social Security ; Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Disability PRograms ; Supplemental Security Income ; Food Stamps ; Low Income Energy Assistance Program ; Civil Service Retirement System ; Railroad Retirement System ; Veterans' Pension and Compensation Programs -- Health. Medicare ; Medicaid ; Veterans' Health Care ; Health Block Grants ; Health Professions Education (Title VII of Public Health Service Act) ; Services and Programs Relating to Alzheimer's Disease -- Social Services. Older Americans Act ; Social Services Block Grant -- Legal Services -- Volunteer Programs -- Community-Based Long Term Care Services -- Employment and Training. Job Training Partnership Act ; Vocational Education ; Other -- Age Discrimination. Age Discrimination in Employment Act ; Age Discrimination Act -- Housing.,CRS 84-720 EPW,"August 6, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 84-767,"October 5, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 provided for reinstitution of a Federal airport improvement program. This report discusses the major features of this program and experience with it to date. The report also discusses major issues that may affect the program in the future.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Program Structure -- Program Authorizations and Appropriations -- Program Grants -- Major Issues. Air Traffic Control System Modernization ; Defederalization ; Legislative Designation of Airports for Priority Consideration -- Summary.,CRS 84-701 E,"July 20, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This compilation presents editorials printed between August 3 and October 11, 1984 on farm income and debt. The editorials represent all those appearing on that subject in 100 newspapers monitored by the Congressional Research Service. The editorials are arranged by region to illustrate the concerns and responses in various parts of the country, and chronologically within each region.,Abstract -- Map of Regions -- List of Newspapers -- Editorials by Region. New England ; Middle Atlantic ; Midwest ; Plains ; South ; Southwest ; Pacific.,CRS 84-808,"November 6, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper addresses some of the issues which may be critical to improving the long-term competitiveness of selected industries in light of concerns raised in the trade debate. The focus is on the enhancement of technological development. The industries which are discussed briefly include steel, advanced materials, semiconductors, and fiber optics.,CRS 87-345 SPR,"March 11, 1987.",SuDoc# 14. 18/3

As in prior years, there are before the 100th Congress two bills, S. 557 and H.R. 1214, designed to "restore the ... broad institution-wide application" of certain federal civil rights laws in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Grove City College v. Bell.,CRS 87-338 A,"April 10, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

International trade may consist of goods and services. This table shows the value of merchandise historically traded between the United States and Japan as collected by the Bureau of the Census, from original documentation processed by the Customs Service. The balance of trade reflects the surplus or deficit resulting from a comparison of a country's exports and imports of merchandise only. The balance of trade does not include other items such as services and capital movements which are accounted for in the balance of payments.,CRS 87-304 E,"April 7, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 85-903,"August 7, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

CRS 86-1000 A,"October 21, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The inclusion of vocational education as a component in some of the recent legislative initiatives related to American trade competitiveness is analyzed. The proposals are described, and sponsors' statements summarized. The history of vocational education, studies of its effectiveness, and its role in current recommendations to reform the American educational system are reviewed as they might relate to current trade problems.,Abstract -- Trade Proposals for Vocational Education. HR 90, as Introduced ; S 406, as Introduced ; Administration's 1987 Trade Proposal ; HR 4800 (99th Congress), as Passed by the House -- Summary of Supporting Statements -- The Role of Vocational Education in Trade. Education and Training in Trade ; Federal Vocational Education Programs ; Effectiveness of Vocational Education Programs ; Educational Reform and Vocational Education -- Summary and Conclusion.,CRS 87-340 EPW,"April 17, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Homelessness is not a new problem in many large American cities, but the issue recently has become more visible and has caught the attention of Federal officials and lawmakers. This report provides an overview of the problem and discusses existing Government efforts and pending legislation.,Abstract -- Overview of Problem -- Recent Federal Initiatives. Federal Interagency Task Force on Food and Shelter for Homeless ; HUD Study on Homeless and Emergency Shelters ; Recently Enacted Legislation -- Potential Sources of Federal Assistance. commodity Food Distribution ; Community Development Block Grant Program ; Community Services Block Grants ; community Support Program ; Emergency Assistance to Needy Families With Children ; Social Services Block Grants -- Pending Legislation -- Additional Sources. Books, Pamphlets, Documents, Etc. ; Articles ; CRS Information Products.,CRS 84-766 EPW,"September 14, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3