This paper provides a guide to the 12 titles of the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965, as amended through P.L. 98-558. A brief summary of the programmatic and related content of each of these 12 titles follows a short introduction and synopsis of the legislative history of the HEA.,CRS 84-826 EPW,"November 30, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report identifies federal statutes that impose or may be used to impose sanctions on countries found to be supporting international terrorism. Two types of statutes are included: (1) those in which Congress has chosen to make certain prohibitions come into play once a nation has been identified as a country supporting international terrorism and (2) those broader delegated authorities that might be used by the President to impose sanctions against such countries but that are not limited to such use. While there may be additional statutes that may be relevant to the situation in question, the report lists what appear to be major sources of authority in this area.,CRS 86-1001 A,"October 23, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The various budget proposals and estimates for fiscal year 1987 from the Administration and Congress are included and discussed in this report.,CRS 86-1010 E,"November 20, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 changed the way IRS is to determine the correct interest and principal components in debt instruments that do not provide for a market rate of interest. This paper describes these new rules for "unstated" and "imputed" interest on mortgages and briefly discusses the controversy they have generated.,CRS 84-735 E,"August 30, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper examines the recent claims that the published 1982 tax return data show that the tax cut in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 induced upper-income taxpayers to relay less heavily on tax shelters and to pay more, not less, income tax. The report indicates that the tax return data neither prove nor disprove these claims because they do not enable separating other effects, for example, normal income growth and short-term tax planning activities, from the long-term incentive effects of the tax cut. The implications for tax equity are also discussed.,Abstract -- Introduction and Summary -- The Controversy and Recent Claims -- An Examination of the Upper-Income Tax Return Data -- A Brief Examination of the Equity Issue.,CRS 84-702 E,"July 31, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The 99th Congress considered various proposals concerning U.S. aid to family planning programs abroad. Congress appropriated $239.3 million for FY 1986 (after Gramm-Rudman-Hollings sequestration) and $234.6 million for FY 1987 for AID population assistance activities. In addition Congress addressed a number of policy issues including whether the United States should cut off assistance to organizations which support voluntary abortions or abortion related activities with non-U.S. funds; whether the United States should fund international organizations operating in countries like China where there are widespread reports of coercive family planning measures; and whether AID should change its policy of informed choice in favor of a policy allowing a larger share of funds for groups that promote only natural family planning methods.,CRS 86-1009 F,"November 25, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Economic impacts of relocating a commercial airport from one area to another within a metropolitan region may be felt by the locality being left, by the locality receiving the activity, and by the larger metropolitan region containing the two locations. This paper provides a brief analysis of factors associated with economic impacts for the affected areas. The analysis is based on generalized assumptions for economic conditions in the respective areas prior to the hypothetical relocation.,CRS 84-700 E,"July 20, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper lists annually, by program, the Federal funds that have been available specifically for school construction during the past 5 years. For FY 1985, $129 million has been appropriated for such purposes out of the Department of Education's budget of $18.1 billion.,CRS 84-834 EPW,"December 4, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Recent projections suggest that by the end of the decade social security taxes may be higher than necessary to meet the benefit commitments of the program. The excess income would be invested in Federal securities and would be used to finance other government activities in the 1990-2020 period. In later years, however, governmental resources could be strained as the securities are cashed in to help pay for the benefits of the post World War II "baby boom" retirees.,CRS 84-783 EPW,"October 22, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Jay R. Shampansky, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 85-893 A,"September 25, 1984.","Updated July 22, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Issues regarding the quality and structure of public secondary education have recently attracted substantial public and legislative attention in the U.S. as well as several foreign nations. This paper provides an overview of the secondary education structure in the U.S., England, France, Japan, the Soviet Union, and West Germany, with a discussion of major issues and recent developments.,Introduction -- Overview (including Discussion of the United States' System) -- England -- France -- Japan. Formation of Ad Hoc Advisory Council on Education Reform -- Soviet Union. Recently-adopted School Reform Plan -- West Germany -- Concluding Discussion. Comparative System Chart -- References.,Wayne Riddle, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 84-770,"October 9, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Throughout the 20th century, imports of meat into the United States have been subject to qualitative and quantitative restrictions as well as to tariffs. The former developed as a result of health and safety concerns, and the latter as a direct response to increasing meat imports and deteriorating economic conditions in the domestic cattle industry. These two concerns still motivate periodic efforts to change the Meat Import Act of 1979 and the Federal Meat Inspection Act. This report traces the development of meant import restrictions and analyzes current proposals for change in meat import requirements. Since the Meat Import Act (which relates to imports of fresh or frozen beef, veal, mutton, and goat meat) is the focus of this paper, issues related to pork imports receive only brief mention.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Legislative History. Early History: Qualitative Restrictions ; Tariff Restratints ; Changes in World Meat Trade ; Quantitative Restraints: The Meat Import Act of 1964 ; Additional Attempts to Restrict Imports, 1967-1978 ; The Meat Import Act of 1979 ; Import Provisions in the 1981 Farm Bill -- Current Issues. Chemical Residues in Imported Meat ; Labeling Imported Meat at the Retail Level ; Meat Imports from Australia and New Zealand -- Conclusion -- Appendix I: Foreign Agriculture Service Fact File: Meat Import Law ; Appendix II: USDA Imported Meat Inspection Program.,CRS 85-956 ENR,"September 19, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Representatives of a number of commodity groups have asked Congress in recent years for statutory authority to establish national generic promotion programs for their products. A key feature is a mandatory assessment paid by all producers to support such activities. Federal legislation has authorized nine such national promotion programs, and lawmakers now are considering whether to create new initiatives for beef, pork, and watermelons. nCritics believe that such programs represent unwarranted Government interference, pit one commodity group against another for limited consumer dollars, and lack adequate evidence of success. Proponents, on the other hand, contend that the programs do work, cost the Federal Government virtually nothing, and benefit producers and consumers alike. This report discusses programs that have already been enacted by Congress and examines their records to date.,Introduction -- Background -- Congressional Involvement -- Notes on Individual Boards. Cotton ; Potatoes ; Eggs ; Beef ; Wheat ; Floraboard ; Dairy ; Honey -- Proposed Legislation. Beef ; Pork ; Watermelons -- How Effective are the Programs?. Study Trends and Research Needs ; Refund Rates ; Consumption and Exports ; Other Policy Concerns -- Are Promotion Programs Worth Promoting?. AMS Guidelines.,Geoffrey S. Becker, Analyst, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 85-995 ENR,"March 22, 1984.","Revised September 30, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Using data from the 1982 and 1983 Metropolitan Area tapes of the Annual Housing Survey, this study uses simulated moves of households to determine whether the supply of standard quality vacant rental units is sufficient to rehouse renter families living in unsatisfactory housing, when household size and number of bedrooms are considered. The study found that no housing market area had a sufficient supply, although the extent of the deficiency varies greatly. Less than half the variance was explained by differences in vacancy rates. The findings confirm the need to consider the characteristics of both the housing stock, and the households in unsatisfactory housing in the diverse local housing areas throughout the country when determining national housing policy.,Summary of Results -- A Brief Overview of the Study Process -- Limitations of the Results -- Description of Geographic Areas. Sufficiency of Vacant Units, Disregarding Household Size -- Results of the Simulation. Households Least Able to be Rehoused ; Units Remaining Vacant after Household Moves ; Relation Between Vacancy Rate and Ability to Find Housing -- Considering Rent-Paying Ability and Asking Rent -- Estimates of Subsidy Amounts -- Conclusion -- Selected References -- Appendix A: Simulation Tables -- Appendix B: Definition of Inadequate Housing -- Appendix C: Simulation Method.,Grace Milgram, Specialist in Housing, Economics Division, and Robert Bury, Computer Systems Analyst, Automated Information Services.,CRS 87-81 E,"January 30, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Farm population in the U.S., currently about 5.2 million people, continues to decline each year. Data from a 1982 Census Bureau-USDA survey show a loss of 431,000 farm people between 1980 and 1982. This drop corresponds with a continuing pattern of declining farm employment, which has fallen from over 10 million in 1940 to under 4 million currently. The number of farm operators in the U.S. is now estimated at 2,370,000--down from 2,400,000 the previous year. This paper will discuss the changing farm population, focusing on the farm labor force. It will investigate who leaves farming, why they leave, what they do as disemployed farmers, and the implications of their employment shift.,Rebecca Mazur, Bibliographer, Environment and Natural Resources, Library Services Division, on Temporary Assignement to the Food and Agriculture Section, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 84-719 L,"August 22, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The growth of the elderly population, combined with rising expenditures for institutional long-term care services, has generated interest in strengthening community-based services for the sick and disabled and in altering the way in which these services are organized and financed. Studies have shown that community-based health and social services can be effective in reducing institutionalization and improving longevity and patient satisfaction. However, the overall costs associated with community-based long-term care remain unknown, as does the number of persons potentially in need of such services. In some cases, costs for such care may exceed amounts spent for the equivalent level of institutional care.,Richard Price, Specialist in Social Legislation, and Carol O'Shaughnessy, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 84-733 EPW,"August 17, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report analyzes the major campaign finance provisions of S. 1806 which was introduced by Senator David L. Boren in the 99th Congress. A constitutional analysis of the proposals to limit political action committees and to grant free broadcast time is made. The constitutionality of other provisions is made regarding such proposals as the prohibition of "bundling" by PACs of contributions to federal candidates.,CRS 86-1017 A,"February 25, 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper provides an historical overview of child welfare, foster care and related programs authorized under titles IV-B and IV-E of the Social Security Act and discusses how the programs currently operate, including participation data.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Historical Overview (Prior to 1980). Child Welfare ; AFDC Foster Care ; Reasons for Change -- Current Program Descriptions. Child Welfare Services ; Foster Care ; Independent Living ; Adoption Assistance.,Sharon Stephan, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 87-324 EPW,"April 13, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The following is a comparison of four acid rain control bills: S. 95 (Kerry), S. 300 (Stafford), S. 316 (Proxmire), and S. 3221 (Mitchell). The comparison is focused on prominent features of the various bills, not on section by section similarities and differences among the bills. Also, apparently non-controversial aspects of the bills, such as penalties for non-compliance, were not included. The bills are compared in the order in which they were introduced. nThere are two important notes about this comparison. First, as each bill would amend the Clean Air Act, section number references made in this analysis are made to relevant sections of the Clean Air Act. Second, under general provisions, issues raised are in rank order as they appear in various bills. They are not ordered according to importance. nFor the reader's convenience, the headings used in this comparison are arranged so that the bills may be placed side-by-side, if so desired.,CRS 87-82 ENR,"February 4, 1987.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Due to changes in the labor force behavior of women with young children, new employee benefits related to parenthood have been proposed. The establishment of a non-discriminatory parental leave benefit is intended to address the issue of limited availability of childcare; the establishment of a non-discriminatory leave for all temporary, nonoccupational medical reasons would create a standard disability benefit for all workers. This report summarizes and analyzes legislation proposed in the 99th Congress to create these benefits.,Leslie Gladstone, Analyst in American National Government, Government Division,CRS 85-841 GOV,"July 11, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3