Includes eight plates. University of Missouri studies, volume 45.

This report examines the differences between men and women in their attitudes towards President Reagan, opinions on issues, party identification, turnout and voting behavior in the 1980 and 1982 elections. Poll results collected over the past three decades are used to compare the current differences between men and women in attitudes towards President Reagan, economic policies, social issues and the use of military force with their views towards previous Presidents, the Korean and Vietnam Wars and other foreign and economic policy issues.

This Alert explains how the Department of Defense is affected by the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings sequestration process, how the President has chosen to use the limited options allowed in the FY 1986 defense budget reduction process, and how the reductions affect the distribution of defense spending.

Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Constitutional First Amendment Standards Applicable to Obscene or Indecent Programs -- Definitions of Obscene and Indecent -- Comparison of the Characteristics of Broadcast and Cable Media -- Standards Applicable to Cable, Caselaw -- Federal Regulation of Cable -- State Regulation of Pornographic Programs on Cable -- Local Regulation of Pornographic Programs on Cable -- Constitutional First Amendment Right to Receive Information -- Procedural Safeguards -- Conclusion.,David R. Siddall, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division; Revised by Rita Ann Reimer, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 85-1135 A,"March 5, 1985.",Revised "December 10, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The pages following page 6 of the report are longer, and were reoriented for the Digital Library viewer.,Jeffrey Zinn, Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division,CRS 83-598 ENR,"October 7, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report explains briefly the major features of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-177), commonly referred to as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act. Following a short overview of the deficit of fiscal years 1987-1991 (and the accelerated timetable for fiscal year 1986), compute the required spending reductions, and summarizes the sequestration exempted from emergency deficit reduction procedures and those that have special rules for making reductions.,Abstract -- Overview of the Deficit Reduction Process -- Maximum Deficit Levels -- Modified Procedures for Fiscal Year 1986 - Deficit Control Timetable -- Elimination of Excess Deficits -- Computing the Reduction -- Sequestration of Funds for Fiscal Year 1986 -- Suspension of Deficit Reduction Requirements in Recessions -- Judicial Review and Fallback Procedures -- Programs Exempted from Sequestration -- Programs with Percentage Limits on Reductions -- Programs with Special Cutback Rules -- Modifications in the Federal Budget Process.,Allen Schick, Consultant.,CRS 85-1130 GOV,"December 1985.","Revised February 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The national debt represents the outstanding liabilities of the Federal Government at any given time. Because the national debt includes Federal securities in which the income of the social security and medicare programs is invested, the question is sometimes asked: What effect do social security and medicare have on the size of the national debt, and vice versa? This paper describes how these programs relate to the national debt and the statutory debt ceiling.,David Koitz, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 85-1132 EPW,"December 31, 1985.",Note: This paper represents a revision and update of a paper issued on March 29, 1985, entitled Social Security and the National Debt, Report No. 85-782 EPW.,SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Claudia Copeland, Specialist, Environmental and Natural Resources Policy Division,CRS 83-588 ENR,"July 14, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Jeffrey Zinn, Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 83-597 ENR,"September 12, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Geoffrey S. Becker, Analyst, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division,CRS 83-628 ENR,"December 2, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Citizens, business leaders, and school officials are promoting increased private sector support for public elementary and secondary schools. Current efforts include volunteer programs, education foundations, donation of equipment, and joint staffing. These efforts serve to supplement tax funds for schools rather than provide a substitute for adequate financing of schools.,Abstract -- Background -- Volunteer Programs in Public Schools -- Adopt-A-School Programs -- Local School Foundations -- Statewide Foundations -- Donation of Equipment -- Joint Employment of Teachers -- Use of Non-School Employees as Teachers -- Observations -- Pros and Cons -- Federal Responses.,K. Forbis Jordan, Senior Specialist in Education, Office of Senior Specialists.,CRS 83-626 S,"December 2, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Richard W. Dunford is an Associate Professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics at Washington State University (Pullman). He has written extensively on rural land use problems, conflicts, and policies. This report was prepared for the Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division of the Congressional Research Service in the Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.) in partial fulfillment of contract 83-30.,This overview of the complex farmland retention issue begins with a reveiew of recent empirical evidence on farmland conversion trends. Concerns associated with farmland conversion are then presented and analyzed. State and local farmland retention efforts are summarized in the third section. Finally, Federal farmland retention efforts to date are examined.,Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Farmland Conversion Trends. Recent Empirical Evidence ; Future Prospects ; Summary -- Farmland Conversion Concerns and Analysis. Food and Fiber Concerns ; Other Concerns ; Summary -- State and Local Farmland Retention Efforts. State Programs ; Local Programs ; Integrated Programs ; Summary -- Federal Farmland Retention Efforts. Executive Efforts ; Legislative Efforts ; Farmland Protection Policy Act ; Recent Developments ; Summary -- Bibliography -- Appendix I: Content of Recent Books on Farmland Use, Conversion, or Retention -- Appendix II: Review of NALS Data on Farmland Conversion and Criticisms of These Data -- Appendix III: Text of the Farmland Protection Policy Act.,CRS 83-635 ENR,"December 9, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Life care communities are designed for elderly persons and provide housing, nursing home care, and a range of services, usually for the remainder of the resident's life. This paper describes life care communities, discusses some demographic characteristics of life care residents, and summarizes financial arrangements and pricing policies used by life care providers. It also discusses problems that have risen in some life care communities, and Federal and State legislative and other Federal activities related to life care communities.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Characteristics of Life Care Communities -- Characteristics of Residents -- Fees and Related Federal Tax Provisions -- Financial Management, Operating Practices, and Issues -- State and Federal Legislation -- Summary -- Bibliography.,CRS 85-1127 EPW,"December 23, 1985.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Balanced Budget and Deficit Reduction Act (commonly known as Gramm-Rudman) calls for a balanced Federal budget by 1991. This Editorial Commentary looks at how Federal spending reductions may be achieved. It also includes comments on how the process for providing automatic budget reductions will effect the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches in the years when Congress cannot agree. nThe Editorial Commentary is divided into two sections. The first contains newspaper articles focusing on the passage of Gramm-Rudman and its impact. The second includes editorials selected from the editorial collection maintained by Library Services Division. Both sections are arranged in reverse chronological order.,CRS 85-1131 L,"January 1986.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper presents an analysis of the current teacher workforce and the factors that affect teacher quality. Issues discussed include teacher labor market trends, teacher preparation and recommendations for change, recruitment and selection factors, and attrition and retention rates. Final comments address Federal policy options in this area.,The Teaching Workforce: Selected Demographic Characteristics -- Teacher Supply and Demand. Regional and Subject Area Shortages -- Teacher Quality. Recruitment and Selection Factors ; Retention and Attrition Rates ; Teacher Preparation ; Change in Education Programs -- Conclusion -- Federal Policy Options.,CRS 83-577 S,"November 7, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Specific groups in the Nation's work force experience employment difficulties even in good economic times. The Labor Section of the Economics Division in the Congressional Research Service in analyzing labor market problems of these groups which include youth, women, older workers, adult nonwhites, Hispanics, and dislocated workers. This overview report summarizes the principal labor market characteristics and problems of these groups. A separate report focusing on dislocated workers is available and individual reports on other groups are in preparation.,Introduction -- Youth -- Women -- Adult Nonwhites -- Hispanics -- Older Workers -- Dislocated Workers -- Geographical and Skill Mismatch -- Education and Work.,CRS 83-631 E,"December 19, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Pursuant to P.L 88-246, the Congressional Research Service has compiled a preliminary, annotated bibliography on the 1984-85 National High School Debate topic - "How Can the Federal Government Best Decrease Poverty in the United States?": nResolved: that the Federal Government should guarantee a minimum annual cash income to all United States citizens. nResolved: that the Federal Government should adopt a negative income tax to assist all United States citizens living in poverty. nResolved: that the Federal Government should provide employment for all employable United States citizens living in poverty. nThis bibliography is designed to facilitate early research preparation for the debators by providing pertinent citations to materials related to the topic and propositions.,Abstract -- General Background Sources -- Debate Proposition One: That the Federal Government Should Guarantee a Minimum Annual Cash Income to All United States Citizens -- Debate Proposition Two: That the Federal Government Should Adopt a Negative Income Tax to Assist All United States Citizens Living in Poverty -- Debate Proposition Three: That the Federal Government Should Provide Employment for All Employable United States Citizens Living in Property.,Marsha Cerny, Senior Bibliographer, Library Services Division, and Joe Richardson, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 84-49 EPW,"March 23, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

In 1981 President Reagan instituted a strategy for economic revitalization which was a major departure from the economic policies followed by previous administrations. In essence, the program sought to reduce substantially the economic burdens of Government spending, taxation, and regulation in order to create an economic environment that would reduce inflation and interest rates, revive incentives for Americans to work harder, spur greater savings, and revive and greatly increase business investment. This paper reviews and analyzes the results of the Reagan Administration's economic strategy thus far.

The Emergency School Aid Act (ESAA) was the primary source of Federal financial assistance supporting school districts' desegregation efforts until its repeal in 1982. Its activities were included in an education block grant. This paper reviews the provisions of ESAA prior to its repeal, delineates the impact of its repeal and consolidation in the block grant, and describes current legislative action seeking to reestablish ESAA in a modified form.

This report summarizes basic eligibility rules, as of May 1983, for more than 70 cash and non-cash programs that benefit primarily persons of limited income. It also gives funding formulas, benefit levels, and, for fiscal years 1979-1981, recipient numbers and expenditure data for each program.,CRS 83-110 EPW,"June 6, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3