The report summarizes the present state of knowledge with respect to research and assessment of carbon dioxide effects, articulating the areas of emerging consensus and continuing disagreement, and focusing attention on the crucial uncertainties. Key scientific, technical, and social issues of contemporary carbon dioxide/climate debate are identified, and the implications and options for dealing with the possible effects of carbon dioxide-induced climatic change are outlined.,Abstract -- The Issue -- What is the Greenhouse Effect -- Increases in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration: What the Record Indicates -- Sources and Sinks for Carbon Dioxide -- Temperature Effects -- Analysis and Discussion. Predicting Future Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels ; The Detection Problem: Finding the Signal in the Noise ; Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on People and the Environment -- Summary and Conclusions.,CRS 84-594 SPR,"February 1, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report examines the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) policy governing children's programming practices on commercial networks. It discusses the calls for formal FCC standards by consumer groups, and FCC support of industry self regulation. Constitutional implications related to First Amendment rights of broadcasters are also discussed, along with the role played by Congress in its attempt to resolve the apparent impasse between the parties.,Abstract -- Introduction -- History and Background. Industry Changes in Children's Programming Guidelines -- Federal Communications Commission's 1974 Children's Television Report and Policy Statement. ACT's Response to the 1974 Children's Policy Statement ; The 1979 Children's Television Task Force -- Congressional Action Regarding Quantification Standards for Children's Televisions -- Summary Observations -- Appendix: Federal Communications Commission: A Children's Programming Fact Sheet.,CRS 84-663 E,"June 6, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Three bills to reform the nuclear regulatory process have been submitted to the 98th Congress and draft sections of a fourth have been circulated. All four bills share the same general purposes which include: encouraging the standardization of nuclear powerplant designs; ensuring early and effective public participation in the nuclear powerplant licensing process; promoting the stability of regulatory standards; and improving the efficiency of the licensing process. This report compares the major provisions of the four bills and analyzes their potential impact.,Introduction -- Pre-Approval of Designs. Overview of Pre-Approval of Designs ; Analysis of Pre-Approval of Designs -- Early Site Approval. Overview of Early Site Approval ; Analysis of Early Site Approval -- Combined Construction and Operating Licenses. Overview of Combined Construction and Operating Licenses ; Analysis of Combined Construction and Operating Licenses -- Limits on Modifications and Backfits. Overview of Limits on Modifications and Backfits ; Analysis of Limits on Modifications and Backfits -- Side-By-Side of Pre-Approval of Designs -- Side-By-Side of Early Site Approval -- Side-By-Side of Combined Construction and Operating Licenses -- Side-By-Side of Limits on Modifications and Backfits.,Robert L. Civiak, Specialist in Energy Technology, Science Policy Research Division.,CRS 84-645 SPR,"May 14, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

There continues to be public concern about the health and safety impacts of high-voltage AC and DC power lines, either already existing or planned, and of proposed United States Navy extra-low-frequency (ELF) communications antennas. The Departments of Energy and Navy have taken the position that no significant biological, ecological, or human health effects are to be expected from these technologies. However, certain members of the scientific community have presented evidence over the past four years that there may be subtle, adverse health effects of low-level, low-frequency electromagnetic radiation of the type produced by power line and communications systems. Examinations continue to confirm or deny these latter observations.,Christopher H. Dodge, Specialist in Life Sciences, Science and Policy Research Division.,The original report is missing p. 17.,CRS 84-579 SPR,"March 16, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report is an outline of those provisions of the Federal tax code which provide incentives for the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol fuels. nTo promote the production and use of alcohol fuels, under present Federal tax law there is an exemption from the gasoline excise taxes, three types of income tax credits (the blender's fuel credit, the alternative fuel production credit, and the business energy investment tax credit), and an exemption on interest income on industrial development bonds.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Exemption from Manufacturer's Excise Tax on Gasoline and Special Motor Fuels -- the Alcohol Fuels (Blender's) Tax Credit -- The Alternative Fuels Production Tax Credit -- The Business Energy Investment Tax Credits. Alternative Energy Property ; Biomass Property -- Tax-Exempt Interest on Industrial Development Bonds.,Salvatore Lazzari, Analyst in Taxation and Fiscal Policy, Economics Division.,CRS 84-682 E,"June 28, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Health Effects of EDB -- Acute Effects -- Health Effects of Alternatives to EDB -- Acute Effects. Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Ethylene Dichloride ; Methyl Bromide -- Long-term Effects. Carbon Disulfide ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Ethylene Dichloride ; Methyl Bromide -- Standards -- Points for Further Consideration.,Michael M. Simpson, Analyst in Life Sciences, Science Policy Research Division.,CRS 84-518 SPR,"January 26, 1984.","Updated February 15, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report portrays and discusses Federal spending for education programs in the context of a 26-year span: the past 20 years of actual experience (1964-1983) and the spending plan for the next six years proposed in the President's 1985 budget. In addition to the 26-year review, various measures such as spending in constant dollars, as a percent of the gross national product (GNP), as a percent of total Federal budget and annual and cumulative change analyses are reduced to provide context and perspective.,Angela M. Evans, Specialist in Education, Richard V. Rimkunas, Analyst in Social Legislation, and Gene Falk, Technical Information Specialist, Education and Public Welfare Division.,CRS 84-582 EPW,"March 16, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

EDB is being removed from major agricultural uses because of concerns about possible adverse effects on human health. Regulatory actions to remove EDB from the food system will have impacts on the agricultural community. Uses of EDB in agriculture, regulatory actions to remove EDB from the food system quickly, and possible impacts of those regulatory actions on domestic and international markets are discussed.,Jeffrey Zinn, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Division.,CRS 84-545 ENR,"February 9, 1984.","Updated March 19, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The High Technology Research and Scientific Education Act of 1983 (S. 2165) would modify and extend the tax credit for research and development costs. This report explains the proposed changes and discusses issues surrounding the use of tax incentives for stimulating research and development.,Jane Gravelle, Specialist in Industry Analysis and Finance, Economics Division.,CRS 84-539 E,"January 31, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The primer describes basic budget documents, providing notes on content, usual date of issue, distribution, and availability at the Library of Congress.,Kurt E. Beske and Kristin M. Vajs, Bibliographers, Library Services Division.,CRS 84-516 L,"February 10, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This paper provides a brief legislative history of the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which was created by the Social Security Act of 1935. From the beginning each State has set its own benefit levels; but over the years Congress has altered many features of AFDC, including potential eligibility, treatment of earnings, and Federal share of funding. The paper traces these changes.,Vee Burke, Specialist in Social Legislation, Education and Public Welfare Division,CRS 84-546 EPW,"February 24, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The Community Services Block Grant (CSBG) program began in FY 1982, replacing the Community Services Administration (CSA), a former independent executive branch agency. CSA itself had succeeded the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a key component of the War of Poverty in the mid-1960s. Most of the local antipoverty agencies which operated under OEO still are functioning under the Community Services Block Grant program. The 98th Congress is considering legislation to reauthorize the CSBG. This paper explains the history the antipoverty program, provides budget information and current program data, and discusses the pending legislation.,Abstract -- Introduction -- Brief History -- The Community Services Block Grant Act -- Budget -- Program Data -- Reauthorization -- Appendix: State Allotments of CSBG Funds, FYs 1983 and 1984.,CRS 84-657 EPW,"May 30, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Many congressional offices find it occasionally useful to review the significance of foreign trade, especially exports, in the economies of their States or some region of special interest to them. This report is designed to provide an overview of what information is available, evaluate its usefulness, and explain how to obtain existing data.,CRS 84-588 E,"April 2, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Concerns about the increasing levels of debt incurred by postsecondary education students have been expressed with growing frequency in the past several years, particularly with regard to the borrowing by graduate and professional level students. This paper reviews and assesses what has recently been reported on the levels of debt being accumulated by postsecondary students, what various analyses have concluded is the threshold for manageable debt, and what the results are when educational debt manageability thresholds are applied to current levels of student debt. nThe general findings of the paper are that: (1) the data on student borrowing are very limited; (2) the largest amounts of money are being borrowed by professional level students, particularly those in medicine and law; (3) it is not clear how burdensome these levels of debt are; and (4) the manageable debt burden thresholds have a number of serious problems and, at best, provide only crude measures of the extent to which students incur unmanageable levels of debt.,CRS 84-585 EPW,"March 19, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

The following bibliography lists important published information and opinion about the Federal regulation of trucking in the United States. The entries of the bibliography appeared in print from 1975, when the deregulation of Federal control over trucking routes, rates, entry, and exit became a prominent issue nationally, to June 1984, the date of this report.,CRS 84-665 E,"June 28, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This annotated bibliography of books and articles covers election campaign management, political consultants, use of the media by candidates, and press coverage of election campaigns. It includes selected material dating from 1972.,CRS 84-567 L,"March 19, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report includes information on Federal education programs which provide educational and related services to children and youth who have a limited proficiency in the English language. Program descriptions, as well as the estimated number of program participants, grants awarded, and Federal funds used for these activities, are also included.,CRS 84-543 EPW,"February 21, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

Since 1979, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has expended considerable effort on developing an approach to protect groundwater from pollution. Because groundwater protection has traditionally been a right of the States, EPA sought to develop a groundwater protection strategy that would establish agency policy to protect groundwater under existing Federal statutes, but be sensitive to the rights and protection efforts of the States. EPA's efforts to prepare a groundwater strategy have been controversial and the strategy has been redrafted three times. This report compares and contrasts the three EPA groundwater strategies. EPA's executive summary of the proposed third version of the groundwater strategy is included in an appendix.,Abstract -- Overview of EPA's Groundwater Protection Strategy Development -- Groundwater Strategy #1. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Groundwater Strategy #2. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Groundwater Strategy #3. Key Concepts ; Approach -- Comparison of the EPA Groundwater Protection Strategies -- Appendix I: A Ground-Water Protection Strategy for the Environmental Protection Agency, January 1984, Executive Summary -- Appendix II: Letters Exchanged Between Interior Secretary James G. Watt and Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt on the EPA Groundwater Policy.,CRS 84-528 ENR,"February 8, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

This report portrays and discusses Federal spending for education programs in the context of a 26-year span: the past 20 years of actual experience (1963-1982) and the spending plan for the next six years proposed in the President's 1984 budget. In addition to the 26-year perspective, various measures such as spending in constant dollars, as a percent of the gross national product (GNP), as a percent of total Federal budget and annual and cumulative change analyses are used to help the reader gain a sense of context and perspective.,CRS 83-532 EPW,"July 14, 1983.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3

David M. Ackerman, Legislative Attorney, American Law Division.,CRS 84-843 A,"October 18, 1984.",SuDoc# LC 14. 18/3